MICROKONTROLER
Microcontroller
is in computer chips used to control electronic devices, which emphasize
efficiency and cost effectiveness. It literally can be called "little
control" where an electronic system that previously many require
supporting components such as TTL and CMOS ICs can be reduced / minimized and
ultimately centralized and controlled by a microcontroller is.
In other words, the microcontroller is an electronic device that has a digital
input and output, and control of the program can be written and erased in a
special way, the workings of the actual microcontroller to read and write data.
Just an example, imagine yourself as you begin to learn to read and write, when
you are able to do things that you could read any good books, short stories,
articles and so on, and you also can also write things otherwise. Similarly, if
you are adept at reading and writing data, so you can create a program to
create a system using microcontroller automatic settings according to your
wishes. Mikrokonktroler used in the products and tools that are controlled
automatically, such as engine control systems, remote controls, office
machines, home appliances, heavy equipment, and toys. By reducing the size,
cost, and power consumption compared to designs using microprocessor memory,
input and output devices separately, the presence of microcontrollers makes
electrical controls for a variety of processes to be more economical.
Microcontroller
is technology very important in people live know. a functional computer system
in a chip. It contains a processor core, memory (a small amount of RAM, program
memory, or both), and input-output equipment.
The
definition of a minimal system is a microcontroller circuit that can already be
used to run an application. A microcontroller IC tidakakan mean when only
stand-alone. Basically a minimal system of AVR microcontrollers have the same
principle, which consists of 4 parts:
1. processor, the microcontroller itself
2. microcontroller reset circuit in order to run the program from the beginning
3. clock circuit, which is used to rate the CPU
4. power supply circuit, which is used to provide resources
In particular jenis2 microcontroller (AVR example), point2 the No. 2, 3 are
available in the microcontroller with a frequency that has been setup from the
vendor (usually 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz), so users do not need to require
additional circuits, but if you want to design systems with certain
specifications (eg to communicate with a PC or a mobile phone), the user must
use a clock circuit in accordance with the characteristics of the PC or HP,
usually using crystal 11.0592 MHz, to produce appropriate communication with
baud rate of the PC or HP.
Microcontroller first introduced by Texas Instruments with TMS 1000 series in
1974 which is the first 4-bit microcontroller. Microcontroller began made since
1971. Is a microcomputer on a chip, complete with RAM and ROM. Then, in
1976, Intel issued a microcontroller that would be popular with the name of
8748 which is an 8 bit microcontroller, which is the MCS 48 microcontroller
family.
However,
not entirely microcontrollers can reduce IC TTL and CMOS components that often
are required for high speed applications or simply increase the number of
channels of input and output (I / O). In other words, the microcontroller is a
mini or micro version of a computer because it contains several peripheral
microcontroller that can be used directly, for example, parallel port, serial
port, comparator, digital-to-analog conversion (DAC), analog to digital
conversion and so just use the system minimum is not complicated or complex.
In order for a microcontroller to function, the microcontroller requires external
components are then referred to the minimum system..
To design a microcontroller-based system, we need hardware and software,
namely:
1. minimum system microcontroller
2. programming software and compilers, and downloader
Now on the
market once encountered a lot ranging from 8-bit microcontrollers to 64-bit, so
the difference between microcontroller and microprocessor very thin. Currently
many microcontrollers in the market is an 8 bit microcontroller MCS51 family
variant (CISC) issued by the series AT89Sxx Atmel and AVR microcontroller which
is a RISC microcontroller with serial ATMEGA8535 (variants of the AVR
microcontroller is enormous, with features that berbeda2 masing2) . With the
microcontroller users (novice) can create a system for daily use, such as
controlling home appliances using remote control television, radio frequency,
creating a digital clock, digital thermometer.
1. Types of Microcontroller
Technically, there are only 2 kinds of microcontroller. This division is based
on the complexity of the instructions that can be applied to the
microcontroller. The division was the RISC and CISC.
• RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. Instructions that limited,
but it has more facilities.
• In contrast, CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Instructions
can be said to be complete but with sufficient facilities.
1. MCS51
Mikrokonktroler is included in the family mikrokonktroler CISC. Most of the
instructions executed in 12 clock cycles.
This microcontroller based on the Harvard architecture, and although originally
designed for single-chip microcontroller applications, a mode of expansion has
allowed an external 64KB ROM and 64KB RAM beyond the given address by a
separate chip selection lines for access to program and data memory.
One of the capabilities of 8051 microcontroller is revenue a boolean processing
engine which allowed the level boolean logic operations-bits can be carried out
directly and efficiently on internal registers and RAM.
2. AVR
Mikrokonktroler Alv and Vegard's Risc processor or often abbreviated AVR 8-bit
RISC is mikrokonktroler. Because most of these RISC instruction code packaged
in one clock cycle. AVR microcontroller is the type most often used in the
field of electronics and instrumentation.
In general, AVR can be grouped into 4 classes. Basically that distinguish each
class is a memory, peripherals and functions. Fourth grade is ATTiny family,
family AT90Sxx, ATMega family and AT86RFxx.
3. PIC
At first, PIC stands for Programmable Interface Controller. But in its
development turned into a Programmable Intelligent Computer.
PIC including family mikrokonktroler Harvard architecture. Originally developed by
General Instruments Microelectronics Division with PIC1640 name. Now Microhip
has announced the creation of his sixth PIC
Sumber : id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller
